Stress-Aware Greenhouse Climate Control: Integrating Plant Physiology, Intelligent Environmental Control, and Energy Management for Sustainable Protected Horticulture

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Water Sciences and Engineering- Water Resources, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran

3 2Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University, Birjand, Iran

4 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract
Greenhouse climate management is undergoing a paradigm shift from maintaining fixed environmental setpoints toward dynamic, plant-centered control strategies that optimize crop physiological performance while minimizing energy and water consumption. Despite remarkable advances in greenhouse technologies, most existing climate-control approaches remain environment-driven and frequently overlook the dynamic interactions among temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), radiation, carbon dioxide concentration, and plant physiological responses. This review synthesizes recent advances in stress-aware greenhouse climate control by integrating plant physiology, environmental sensing, intelligent control algorithms, and energy-efficient engineering solutions into a unified conceptual framework. The analysis demonstrates that plant stress is more accurately characterized by physiological indicators including canopy temperature, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll fluorescence, daily light integral, and VPD than by conventional environmental thresholds alone. Comparative synthesis further reveals that individual climate-control technologies effectively mitigate specific stress factors but inevitably introduce trade-offs among energy demand, water consumption, carbon retention, and disease risk. Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, digital twins, wireless sensor networks, and multi-objective predictive control, provide new opportunities to optimize greenhouse climate simultaneously for crop productivity, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Based on this synthesis, we propose a stress-aware greenhouse climate-control framework in which environmental regulation is guided by real-time plant physiological status rather than fixed climatic setpoints. The framework supports adaptive decision-making across diverse greenhouse systems and provides a foundation for the next generation of intelligent, resilient, and low-carbon protected horticulture.

Keywords


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Volume 3, Issue 2
Spring 2026
Pages 62-81

  • Receive Date 01 March 2026
  • Revise Date 15 April 2026
  • Accept Date 20 June 2026
  • First Publish Date 20 June 2026
  • Publish Date 01 June 2026