Greenhouse Plant Production Journal
Quarterly

Different Ratios of Vermicompost in Planting Substrates Affect the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum wallisii)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Hamid Reza Roosta 1
Somayeh Sharifinejad 2
Mohammadreza Azizi ilami 1
Mahdi Bikdeloo 3

1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Jiroft Branch, Jiroft, Iran

3 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak university, Arak, Iran

https://doi.org/10.61186/gppj.1.4.49
Abstract
To investigate the effect of different planting substrates and varying levels of vermicompost on the growth and physiological traits of Spathiphyllum under greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, factor A included four levels of planting substrate (sand + perlite, sand + peat, peat + perlite, peat + perlite + sand), and factor B included four levels of vermicompost (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% by volume of the pot). The results obtained from the experiment indicated that the interaction effect of planting substrates and vermicompost on important traits such as the number of leaves on the plant, length and width of the spathe, fresh and dry weight of the offshoot, and the amounts of chlorophyll, nitrogen, and iron in the leaves was significant. Specifically, using peat + perlite + sand (all in a ratio of 8.3 by volume of the pot) combined with 75% vermicompost resulted in the highest values for leaf length, spathe length, number of roots in the offshoot, chlorophyll content in the leaves, nitrogen content in the leaves, and iron content in the leaves, showing 20 to 30 percent higher effects compared to all other treatments. Conversely, the treatment of 50% perlite + 50% sand without using vermicompost exhibited the lowest values across all mentioned traits. Therefore, the use of peat + perlite + sand (all in a ratio of 8.3 by volume of the pot) combined with 75% vermicompost is recommended as the most suitable substrate for the cultivation of Spathiphyllum.

Keywords

Chlorophyll
Planting substrate
Spathiphyllum
Vermicompost
  1. Abd elahi, K. Movahedi Naeini, S.A.R. Mashayekhi, K. and Mazaheri, M. 2005. Investigation of the concentration and absorption of growth elements in tomato plants in cultivation environments Using Peat Exploited From Abbandansar Of Sari. Journal Of Agricultural Sciences And Natural Resources, 14(4): 64-77. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/9326/En
  2. Adams, C.R., Bamford, K.M. and Early, M.P. 1997. Principles of horticulture. Butter Worth Heinemann. 204p.
  3. AI-menaie. H.S, AI-shatti. A.A. and suresh. N. 2008. Effect of growing media on growth and flowering patterns of Gardenia jasminoides under arid conditions. European journal of scientific research, 24(1): 69-73.
  4. Albaho M., Bhat N., Abo-Rezq H., and Thomas B. 2009. Effect of Three different substrates on Growth and yield of two cultivars of capsicum annuum. Scientific Research, 28: 227 – 233.
  5. Amami, A. 1996. Methods of Plant Analysis. Number 982. Tehran: Soil and Water Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. (In Persian)
  6. Amjazi, H. and Hamidpour, M.  2012. Effects of phosphorus, vermicompost and natural zeolite on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Zinnia elegans, Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 3(10): 79-87. magiran.com/p1045048
  7. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C., Abierman, P., Metzger, J.D. and Lee. S. 2005.Effect of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits-grown tomato, peppers and strawberries. Bioresource Technologe, 47: 731-735
  8. Arenas, M., C.S. Vavrina., J.A. Cornell., E.A. Hanlon& G.J. Hochmuth. 2002. coir as an alternative to peat media for tomato transplant production. Hortscience, 37(2): 123-131
  9. Arshad, M. and Chameni, A. 2009. Investigating the effect of vermicompost application on the vegetative and flowering characteristics of the Dream Neon Rose petunia. In: Proceedings of the 6th Congress of Horticultural Sciences, Iran.
  10. Atiyeh, R. M., N. Q. Arancon, C. A. Edwards and J. D. Metzger. 2002. The influence of earth-worm-processed pigmanure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresour. Technol. 81: 103-108.
  11. Atiyeh, R.M, subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Matzyer, G.D. and shuster, W. 2000. Effects of vermicomposts and composts an plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. pedoBiologia, 44: 579-590
  12. Atiyeh, R.M., Aran con, N., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influence of heart worm processed pig manure on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource technology 75: 175-180.
  13. Atiyeh, R.M., Edwards, C.A., subler, S., and Metzeger, J.D. 2001. pig manure vermincompostasa component of a horticultural beddiny plant medium: Effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource technology, 78: 11-20.
  14. Azizi, M. Rezwanee, F. Hassanzadeh Khayat, M. Lackzian, A. and Neamati, H. 2008. The effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphological properties and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) C.V. Goral, Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants, 24(1): 82. magiran.com/p531806
  15. Bachman, C. R. and J. D. Metzger. 2008. Growth of bedding plants in commercial potting substrate amended withvermicompost. Bioresour. Technol, 99: 3155-3161.
  16. Bachman, G.R. and Davis, W.E. 2000. Growth of Magnolia virginiana liners vermicompost - amended media. Pedo Biologia, 43:579-590
  17. Bachman, G.R., and Metzeger, J.D. 1998. The use of vermicompost as a media amendment. Pedo Biologia, 32: 419-423.
  18. Blouin, M., Barrere, J., Meyer, N., Lartigue, S., Barot, S., and Mathieu, J. 2019. Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39, 1-15.‏
  19. Boudaghpour, S. and Hashemi, Sh. 2009. Investigating the application of lightweight Leca in the growth and development of the greenhouse cultivation industry and green roofs. In: Proceedings of the First National Congress on Hydroponics and Greenhouse Productions, Isfahan. Paper code 52112.
  20. Bunt, A.C. 1998. Media and mixes for container grown plants. Academic Division of Boston: Unwin Hy man Ltd. 297 P
  21. Çakırer, G. A. M. Z. E., Demir, K. Ö. K. S. A. L., and Temiz, Ç. A. Ğ. L. A. 2016. The properties of rice hull in soilless agriculture technique and the effect of plant development parameters in lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) cultivation. In III International Symposium on Horticulture in Europe-SHE2016 1242: 183-190.‏
  22. Cavender, N.D., Atiyeh, R.M. and Knee, M. 2003. Vermicompost stimulates mycorrhizal colonization of roots of Sorghum bicolor at the expense of plant growth. Pedobiologia, 47(1): 85-89.
  23. Centrell, R.L. 1994. peat, in mineral year book: metal and minerals. Vol. I. US. Government printing office, Washington. DC. P. 583-585
  24. Chatopadhyaya, N. and Dutto, M. 1992. Eeffects of city waste compost and fertilizers on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of rice. J. Indian soc. Soil. Sci. 40: 465-468.
  25. Davary, K. , Nemati, S. , Ghahraman, B. , Sayari, N. and Shahinrokhsar, P. 2009. Effect of Different Irrigation and Substrate on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa l.cr Paris Island). Water and Soil, 23(4), -. doi: 10.22067/jsw.v0i0.2467
  26. Dole, J.M. and wilkins, H.F. 1999. Florieulture, princildes and species. prentice Hall Inc. Newjesey, USA. 61VP.
  27. Edwards, C. and Burrows, I. 1997. The potential of earth worm composts as plantgrowth media. Bioresource Thechnology 92: 100-106.
  28. Erdal, İ., Aktaş, H., Yaylacı, C., Türkan, Ş. A., Aydın, G., and Hor, Y. 2023. Effects of peat-based substrate combinations on mineral nutrition, growth and yield of tomato. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 47(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2023.2265969
  29. Esfandiari, A., Taghavi, T. S., Babalar, M. and Delshad, M. 2009. The effect of using raw and NH4-zeolite on yield and quality of tomato crop at reduced nitrogen concentration solution in hydroponic. Journal Of Horticultural Science, 23(2), -. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v1388i2.2567
  30. Esringü, A., Turan, M., Sushkova, S., Minkina, T., Rajput, V. D., Glinushkin, A., and Kalinitchenko, V. 2022. Influence of Vermicompost Application on the Growth of Vinca rosea valiant, Pelargonium peltatum L. and Pegasus patio rose. Horticulturae, 8(6): 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060534
  31. Gajalakshmi, S. and Abbasi, S. A. 2002. Effect of the application of water hyacinth compost/vermicompost on the growth and flowering of Crossandra undulaefolia, and on several vegetables. Bioresource technology, 85(2): 197-199.‏
  32. Ghorbani, R., Wilcockson, S. and Leifert, C. 2006. Alternative treatments for late blight control in organic potato: antagonistic microorganisms and compost extracts for activity against phytophthora infestans: potato research, 48: 171-179.
  33. Girish chand, S. and Nand, K. 2010 Modern methods in plant physiology. New India publishing Agency. Pitam pura, New Dehli. 88-110
  34. Gol, A. 1996.Investigation on the effect of media and bag volum on cucumbers. proc.of coll.on protected cultivation ,6-9oct.A godir,Moro
  35. Golrang, M., Shoor, M., Tehranifar, A. and Mousavi, S. M. J. 2013. The Effect of Culture Media and Sod Netting Materials on Qualitative Characteristics of Sod Production. Journal Of Horticultural Science, 26(4): 385-393. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.18243
  36. Greco, C., Comparetti, A., Fascella, G., Febo, P., La Placa, G., Saiano, F., Mammano, M. M., Orlando, S., AND Laudicina, V. A. 2021. Effects of Vermicompost, Compost and Digestate as Commercial Alternative Peat-Based Substrates on Qualitative Parameters of Salvia officinalis. Agronomy, 11(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010098
  37. Hamidpour, M., Fathi, S. and Roosta, H. R. 2013. Effects of zeolite and vermicompost on growth characteristics and concentration of some nutrients in Petunia hybrida.‏ Journal of Greenhouse Crop Sciences and Technologies, 13: 95-102.
  38. Haripriya, K., Senthilkumar, S. and Sriramachandrasekharan, M.V., 2004. Effect of vermicompost and fertilizer on the growth and yield of rose. Interzcademicia, 8: 207-210.
  39. Hashemi Majd, K. 2010. Production of compost and vermicompost from organic waste, Aeeizh Publications, 180 pages.
  40. Hekmati, J. 2009. Ornamental Plants for Apartment. Iran Agricultural Science Publications.
  41. Ikeda, H., Tan, X., Ao, Y. and Oda, M. 2001. Effects of soilless medium on the growth and fruit yield of tomatoes supplied with urea and/or nitrate. Acta Hort. 548: 157-164.
  42. Inden, H. and Torres, A. 2004. Comparison of four substrates on the growth and quality of tomatoes. Acta Hort, 644: 205-210
  43. Jaishankar, S. and Wahab, K. 2005. Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield components and yield of sesame.. department of agronomy, Annamalai university. Annamalai nagar, 602-608.
  44. Karimi, A. 2001. Effects Of a Soil Conditioner, On Growth And Water Consumption Of Sunflower. Desert (Biaban), 6(1), 19-33. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/5376/En
  45. Karimi, H. 2002. Cultural Studies of Iran, Volume 2. Parcham Publications, Tehran, 467 pages.
  46. Keshavarzi, M. and Mousavi, S. 2010. Study of changes in chlorophyll content affected by the application of biological and chemical fertilizers in the Artemisia annua L (National Conference on New Achievements in Agriculture).
  47. Khalaj, M. A. 2010. Investigation of the effect of various artificial growing media on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Gerbera flowers. Fourth Iranian Congress of Horticultural Sciences, 3 pages.
  48. Khalighi, A. 1997. Floriculture (Iranian ornamental plant cultivation). Rozhbeh Publications.
  49. Khalighi, A. and Padasht-Dehkaee, M.N. 2000. Effect of media produced by tree bark, tea waste, rice hull and azolla as a substitute for peat, on growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes patula"Golden Boy"). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31, 557-565.
  50. Khoshkhui, M. 2002. Plant Propagation: Basics and Methods, Volume 2, Translation, Shiraz Publications, 455 pages.
  51. Khoshkhui, M. Sheibani, B., Rouhani, I. and Tafazoli, E. 2006. Principles of Horticulture, 4th Edition, Shiraz University, 553 pages.
  52. Kiani, H. Khakipour,N . Kalatehjari, S. and Saeedi Sar, S. 2023. Introduction of a Suitable Cultivation Substrate for the Optimal Growth of the Ornamental Plant Crassula capitella .Journal of Ornamental  Plants,1(13): 41-51.
  53. Koocheky, A. Nakhfroush, A.R. and Zarif Ketabi, H. 1997. Organic Agriculture. (Translation). Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad. Number 217.
  54. Lee, B., Lee, J. Chung, S. and Seo, B. 1999. Effects of container and substrate on growth and fruit quality of the hydroponicaly grown cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. cv. chosaengnakhap)plants. Acta Hort, 483: 155-160
  55. Lihong, C., Tahiri, R. and Karam, A. 2000. Effect of sphagnum Pat and copper sulfate on productivity of a ferro-Humic pozole. Can. J. Soil Sci. 80: 171-1777.
  56. Lim, S. L., Wu, T. Y., Lim, P. N., and Shak, K. P. Y. 2015. The use of vermicompost in organic farming: overview, effects on soil and economics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(6): 1143-1156.‏
  57. Mahboub Khamami, A. 2011. Effect Of Sawdust Vermicompost In Pot Media On Nutrition And Growth Of Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia Amonea) Plant. Seed And Plant Production Journal, 26-2(4): 435-444. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/147157/En
  58. Mahboub Khomami, A. 2005. Effect of liquid bio-fertilizer (vermiwash) in foliarapplication on Dieffenbachia and Aglaonema nutrition and growth indices. Agricultural Sciences.1(4):175-187(in Farsi).
  59. Mahboub Khomami, A. 2008. Book on the Nutrition of Ornamental Plants. First Edition, Haghshenass Publications. 22 pages.
  60. Mahboub Khomami, A. 2008. The Effects of Kind and Rate of Vermicompost in Pot Medium on the Growth of Ficus bengamina. Seed and Plant Journal, 24(2): 333-349. doi: 10.22092/spij.2017.110808
  61. Mami, Y. , Peyvast, G. , Bakhshi, D. and Samizadeh, H. 2008. Effect of different substrates on tomato production in soilless culture. Journal Of Horticultural Science, 22(2), -. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v1387i2.1083
  62. Mashhadi Jafarlou, A. and Henareh, M. 2009. Types of substrates used in hydroponic cultivation. First National Congress on Hydroponics and Greenhouse Productions, Isfahan.
  63. Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influence of earthworm processed pig manure on the growth and yields of greenhouseppers. bio res ource technology, 75: 175-180
  64. Mobli, M. Aghdak, P. andNaderi, Z. 2008. Comparison of different planting substrates on the vegetative growth and yield of tomato. The First National Congress on Tomato Production and Processing Technology.
  65. Moteqi, H. 2007. Flowers and Indoor Plants. Soroush Hedayat Publications.
  66. Mousavinia, M. R. and Attarpour, A. 2005. Investigation of the effect of superabsorbent polymer on reducing irrigation water in grass.
  67. Ndegwa, P., Thompson, S. and Das, K. 1999. Effect of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology, 71: 5-12.3161.
  68. Nell, T.A., Barrett, J.E. and Leonard, R.T. 1997. Production factors affecting post production quality of flowering potted plants. Hortscience. 817-8190
  69. Nelson, V. P. 1987. Greenhouse operation and Management. prentice Hall, Inc. 611p
  70. Olle, M. 2016. The effect of vermicompost based growth substrates on tomato growth.‏
  71. Ose, A., Andersone-Ozola, U. and Ievinsh, G. 2021. Substrate-Dependent Effect of Vermicompost on Yield and Physiological Indices of Container-Grown Dracocephalum moldavica Plants. Agriculture, 11(12), 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121231
  72. Padasht Dehkaei, M. 2004. Effect of tea wastes on composting of shredded and non-shredded tree bark and effects of mixes on growth of  Tagetes patula L.  Seed and Plant Journal, 20(3), 359-372. doi: 10.22092/spij.2017.110589
  73. Papafotiou, M., Asimakopoulou, V., Kouvari, p., Kovaeou, I., Phsyhalou, M.,  Lytra, I. and kargas, G., 2001. cotton gin trash compost as growing medium ingredient for the production of pot ornamentals. Gartenbauwissenschaft 665, 229-223.
  74. Parks, S., New man, S. and Golding, J. 2004. substrates effects on  greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit quality in Australia. Acta Hort, 64: 129-133.
  75. Parks, S., Newman, S. and Golding, J. 2004. Substrate effects on greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit quality in Australia.
  76. Petre, S. N., Pele, M., and Draghici, E. M. 2015. Influence of perlite and jiffy substrates on cucumber fruit productivity and quality. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(8): 185.‏
  77. Premuzic, Z., Bargiela, M., Garcia, A., Rendina, A. and Iorio, A. 1998. Calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, and vitamin C content of organic and hydroponic tomatoes. HortscIence, 33 (2): 255-257.
  78. Rabiya, U. K. 2024. Modern Innovations and Sustainability in Floriculture: Trends, Technologies, and Practices. Journal of Diversity Studies, 3(2): 1-5.‏
  79. Rechcigl, E. 1995. soil Amendments and Environmental Quality. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
  80. Ronaghi, A.; Maftoon, M. and Kamali Sarvestani, A. 2004. Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for Soilless Cultivators. Shiraz University Publications, 290 pages
  81. Safari, A. 2010. Response of the African violet ornamental plant to the application of biocompost fertilizers made from waste, sulfur-coated granulated compost, and vermicompost. Fifth National Conference on Waste Management, Municipalities and Rural Districts Organization of Iran, Mashhad.
  82. Safari, A. Jalini, M. Esmailzadeh-Toosi, H. and Javid, N. 2009. Study and investigation of the effects of organic fertilizers including compost, vermicompost, and sulfur-coated granulated compost on some important growth characteristics of the ornamental plant Pothos (Scindapsus aureus) under greenhouse conditions. Second National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Development (Opportunities and Challenges Ahead).
  83. Safeena, S. A., Shilpa, S. K., Kumar, P. N., Saha, T. N. and Prasad, K. V. 2023. Effect of growth regulators on growth and flower production of a popular indoor plant, peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii).‏
  84. Sailaja, B., Bhavani, K., Hyma, A., Sai Deepika, L., Udaya, J., Asif, S.K., Deepthi, N. and Swathi, P. 2024. A review on Spathiphyllum: Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological approach. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 8(6): 211- 214
  85. Salar, N. Farahpour, M. and Nobahar, F. 2005. Examination of the water-absorbing polymer TerraCottem on irrigation frequency in vegetable cultivation (melon). Proceedings of the Third Training Course and Specialized Seminar on the Agricultural Applications of Super Absorbent HydroGels, November 2005, Karaj.
  86. Samiei, L. Khalighi, A. Kafi, M. Samavat, S.and Arghavani, M. 2005. An Investigation of Substitution of Peat Moss With Palm Tree Celluloid Wastes in Growing Aglaonema (Aglaonema Commutatum Cv. Silver Queen). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 36, Number 2, Pages 503-510.
  87. Saneei Shariat Panahi, M. 2008. Cultivation and Maintenance of Flowers and Houseplants Plants. Sepehr Publishing Center, 4th Edition.
  88. Schie, W. V. 1999. Standarization of substrates. Acta Hort. 481: 71-78, 36. parks. S.S. Newman, j. Goldwing. substrate effects on greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit quality in Australia. Acta Hort. 648: 1-2
  89. Schwars, m, Galej. 1985. Theuse of slain water in hydroponics. soiless cul 1(1): 25-34.
  90. Shiravand, D. 2010. Houseplants and cut flowers, 2nd Edition. Agricultural Education and Promotion Publications, 188 pages.
  91. Soltani, F, Kashi, A.A.K. and Babalar, M. 2006. Effects Of Different Nutrient Solutions On Growth Factors And Leaf Elements Percentage Of Two Greenhouse Cucumber Cultivars In Perlite Substrate. Iranian Journal Of Agricultural Sciences Journal of Agriculture, 37(3): 381-387. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/8330/En
  92. Statistical Yearbook of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. 2013. "Statistical Yearbook of Horticultural Products." 185 pages.
  93. Tabatabai, S. J. 2004. Environmental Management of Greenhouses. Translation. Sana Publications, Tehran. Page 45.
  94. Talaei, A. and Asadzadeh, A. 2005. Investigation of the effect of superabsorbent hydrogels on reducing dryness in olive trees. Third training course and seminar on the agricultural applications of superabsorbent hydrogels, Polymer and Petrochemical Research Institute of Iran.
  95. Tomati, U., Grappelli, A., and Galli, E. 1988. The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts on plant growth. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 5: 288- 294.
  96. Tuzel, Y., Gul, A., Meric, M.K., Yavuz, O., Eltez, R.Z. and Tuzel, I.H., 2000. May. Comparison of open and closed systems on yield, water and nutrient consumption and their environmental impact. In World Congress on Soilless Culture: Agriculture in the Coming Millennium 554: 221-228.
  97. Vaziri elahi, G. 2001. Flower Gardening, Publications, 44-47.
  98. White, J. 1985 Growing madia. pp. 151-172 IN: Bedding plant. III, J. W. Mastaler and E. J. Ho Icomb, editors. Penn Sylvania flower growers, University Park. pennsII vahya.
  99. Yahyaabadi, M. 2009. Use of organic substrates in soilless cultivation systems. First National Congress of Hydroponics and Greenhouse Products, Isfahan. Article code 53131.
  100. Yousefian, Z.; Mobli, M. and Aghdak, P. 2009. The effect of different planting substrates and hydrogels on the vegetative and reproductive traits of cherry tomatoes. First National Congress on Hydroponics and Greenhouse Productions, Isfahan. Article 30028, Pages 292-291.
Greenhouse Plant Production Journal
Volume 1, Issue 4
Autumn 2024
Pages 49-72

  • Receive Date 01 December 2024
  • Revise Date 09 December 2024
  • Accept Date 09 December 2024
  • First Publish Date 09 December 2024
  • Publish Date 01 December 2024

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us